Quick and Dirty Tips

Posted: 02 Dec 2021 05:10 PM PST

A few of you asked what I meant a couple of weeks ago when I said that the pronunciation of Berlin, Connecticut, is a shibboleth.

A shibboleth is a word or phrase you can use to identify someone who is or isn't part of your group.

The origin of 'shibboleth'

The word "shibboleth" itself was an old Hebrew word meaning both "ear of corn" and "flood or stream." The way we use it today in the in-group-out-group way comes from the Biblical story of the Gileadites, who used the word to identify and kill Ephraimites. The Ephraimites could not pronounce the "sh" sound, so "shibboleth" came out sounding wrong, like "sibboleth," making them instantly identifiable as they were trying to cross enemy lines.

Out-group shibboleths

Militaries and mobs have used pronunciation differences many times over the years to identify enemies or outsiders. For example, in 1937, as many as 35,000 Haitian immigrants were killed in the Dominican Republic on order of the dictator, Rafael Trujillo, in what is called the Parsley Massacre. The story is ultimately unconfirmed, but it's called the Parsley Massacre because Dominicans and Haitians pronounce the word for "parsley" differently, and supposedly the Dominican troops held up a piece of parsley and killed anyone who pronounced it the Haitian way.

In a less violent example, just like people in Berlin, Connecticut, can identify an outsider when we call the city "Berlin," when I lived in Nevada, when we heard people pronounce the state name "Nev-ah-dah," we knew they weren't locals. Houston Street in New York is another one I've messed up in the past, pronouncing it like the Texas city, Houston.

In-group shibboleths

Groups can also use shibboleths to help identify people who are in the same group in an under-the-radar way. For example, members of Alcoholics Anonymous can refer to each other as "friends of Bill W." referring to the group's founder Bill Wilson.

Years ago, when I was on a cruise, I saw multiple evening meetings on the activity schedule for friends of Bill W., and I didn't know what it was, so I thought, "Wow, this guy Bill must really be something to have his friends getting together so often." I actually wondered if it was part of a funeral or something. Ah, those poor people. They really miss their friend Bill.

So that's a shibboleth—any pronunciation, word, or phrase you can use to identify someone as part of some kind of group or class...

Keep reading on Quick and Dirty Tips

Greeting Card Grammar

Posted: 02 Dec 2021 03:15 PM PST

If you're getting ready to write your holiday newsletter, cards, or invitations, I'm here to help you avoid some of the most common problems!

Making names that end in -s or -z plural

Making names plural is one of the most common questions to come up around the holidays.

Some names are easy, like "Brown." You just add an -s like you would to any common noun. "The Browns invite you to dinner."

But when you get to names that end in -s, -z, -ch, -sh, and -ss, it gets trickier.

Fortunately, the same rule applies for all these names: you add -es to make them plural.

The Joneses are coming for dinner.
The Alvarezes always decorate their house beautifully.
The Birches make the best cinnamon apple cake.
The Marshes make all their own gifts.
The Besses love to have people over for the holidays.

Making names that end in -y and -i plural.

People also sometimes wonder how to make names that end in -y or -i plural, like my last name, Fogarty.

They're both the same as those easy names, like Brown: you just add an -s.

The Fogartys meant to decorate their tree on Thanksgiving, but didn't get around to it. F-O-G-A-R-T-Y-S (not -ies as people are sometimes tempted to write).
The Aldis are making pasta with fish on Christmas Eve. A-L-D-I-S. (And—side note—both words of "Christmas Eve" are capitalized because it's a holiday.)

Don't use an apostrophe to make names plural

You don't use an apostrophe to make names plural.

You use an apostrophe to make names possessive, and when the name is already plural, you just put an apostrophe on the end, no extra -s.

For example, let's say you went to visit the Alvarezes, and then you wanted to write to tell your mom about their wonderful house. To make "Alvarezes" possessive, you add an apostrophe to the end, so you would write, "Mom, you should have seen the Alvarezes' house!"

The Birches' cake is the best.
The Besses' always get their decorations up early.
The Marshes' party got canceled at the last minute.
The Joneses' children are coming home for break this year.

Compound Possession and Apostrophes

Next, we've talked about this before, but ...

Keep reading on Quick and Dirty Tips

Food And Recipe Fusion

Thursday, December 2, 2021